Biology

All living organisms share the same life processes (movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition). This chapter covers cell structure (plant vs animal), enz

Living organisms are classified into groups with features in common. The key division is between eukaryotic organisms (cells with a true nucleus and organelles) and prokaryotic organisms (ba

Breathing (ventilation) moves air in and out of the lungs; gas exchange swaps oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood in the alveoli . This chapter covers the structure of th

Food provides the energy and materials the body needs. A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre. Digestion breaks large food molecules in

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, waste products and hormones around the body. This chapter covers the heart (structure and how it pumps blood), coronary heart disease , a

The body coordinates its actions through the nervous system — detecting stimuli with receptors, transmitting impulses along neurones , and producing rapid responses (including reflex actions

The endocrine system coordinates the body using hormones — chemical messengers carried in the blood. This chapter contrasts the nervous and endocrine systems, lists the main endocrine glands

Homeostasis keeps the internal environment constant — water content, temperature, blood glucose (Chapter 7). Excretion removes the waste products of metabolism. This chapter covers the urina

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes , producing genetically different offspring. This chapter compares sexual and asexual reproduction, covers the reproductive

Photosynthesis is how plants make food — using light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (stored as starch) and oxygen. This chapter covers the word and symbol equations,

Plants transport water and minerals up the xylem and sugars around the plant in the phloem . Water moves into roots by osmosis and is lost from leaves by transpiration (through stomata). Thi

Plants coordinate their responses to stimuli (especially light and gravity ) using hormones called auxins . Auxins control growth — making shoots grow toward light ( phototropism ) and roots

Plants reproduce both asexually (runners, bulbs, cuttings — producing clones) and sexually (flowers → pollination → fertilisation → seeds and fruits). This chapter covers both methods, gamet

An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their environment. This chapter covers the components of ecosystems, sampling with quadrats, biotic and abiotic factors, feeding relationships (f

Humans affect the environment through agriculture (fertilisers, pesticides, fish farming), air pollution (CO₂, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide) and water pollution (sewage, fertilisers). Thi

DNA carries the genetic information that controls the cell. It is organised into chromosomes , which carry genes . This chapter covers the structure of DNA (the double helix, bases), DNA rep

Cells divide by mitosis (making identical copies — growth and repair) and meiosis (making gametes with half the chromosomes — for sexual reproduction). This chapter also explains why sexual

Inheritance is how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes. This chapter covers Gregor Mendel's experiments, monohybrid inheritance (dominant/recessive alleles, Pu

Evolution is the gradual change in organisms over time. It happens by natural selection — individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on

Selective breeding (artificial selection) is when humans choose which animals or plants to breed from, to get offspring with desirable characteristics. This chapter covers traditional select

Humans have used microorganisms for thousands of years to make food and drink — this is biotechnology . Yeast anaerobically respires to make alcohol and carbon dioxide (bread, beer, wine); b

Genetic modification moves a gene from one organism into another (which may be a different species) so the recipient produces a new protein or shows a new characteristic. This chapter covers